Disaster recovery facilities and operations
While ransomware and other cyber attacks target an organization's data, fires, natural disasters and other large-scale crises can negatively affect facilities and operations. Find out which disaster recovery measures to take to ensure that your business can get back on its feet when a disaster strikes.
Top Stories
- 
				Tip
					29 Oct 2024
					
									
										
When to use a mirrored site disaster recoveryMirrored disaster recovery sites are a good fit for businesses that require rapid failover and have the right resources to build a duplicate data center. Continue Reading By
- 
				Tip
					21 Oct 2024
					
									
										6 disaster recovery site requirements for businessesBuilding a disaster recovery site provides organizations with a high degree of control over the facility. It also makes them responsible for several critical requirements. Continue Reading By
- 
                Definition
                24 Sep 2024
                What is a business continuity plan (BCP)?A business continuity plan (BCP) is a document that consists of the critical information an organization needs to continue operating during an unplanned event. Continue Reading By- Cameron Hashemi-Pour, Site Editor
- Vicki-Lynn Brunskill
 
- 
                Tip
                20 Sep 2024
                Use network fault monitoring to prevent malfunctionsNetwork fault monitoring systems are essential tools to optimize network performance and availability. They are also key components of proactive disaster recovery. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                19 Aug 2024
                Example disaster recovery plan for small businessesSmall businesses make significant investments in IT infrastructure. They must protect those investments from unplanned and potentially destructive events with a DR plan. Continue Reading By
- 
                Feature
                31 Jul 2024
                8 communications basics the CrowdStrike outage highlightsCommunications are critical during an emergency. This is especially true for highly unpredictable disruptions, such as the recent CrowdStrike outage. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                23 Jul 2024
                CrowdStrike outage shows business continuity still a mustDisaster recovery has centered on cyberattacks the past few years, but the CrowdStrike outage illustrates why companies can't forget about traditional business continuity. Continue Reading By- Tim McCarthy, News Writer
 
- 
                Tip
                23 Jul 2024
                8 reasons businesses have no DR plan (and why they're wrong)In today's interconnected world, disaster recovery planning is not a luxury but a necessity for safeguarding the future of any business. Don't make the mistake of being unprepared. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                11 Jul 2024
                13 reasons your disaster recovery plan failedPreventing failure is an important goal for DR teams, but disasters do not conform to how plans are designed. Familiarity with the causes of failure can help bolster a DR plan. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                11 Jul 2024
                6 benefits that make a disaster recovery plan worth itDisaster recovery plans help reduce recovery time, ultimately saving time and money. Time spent testing and planning upfront pays dividends when a disaster strikes. Continue Reading By
- 
                Feature
                28 Jun 2024
                Avoid the high costs of downtime for small businessesSmall businesses often lack technical support and resources, but they face many of the same risks as larger companies. Strong BCDR efforts can mitigate the risks of downtime. Continue Reading By- Damon Garn, Cogspinner Coaction
 
- 
                Tip
                26 Jun 2024
                The 4 phases of emergency managementTo effectively recover from a disruptive incident, IT and DR teams must have a plan in place. This guide breaks down the four phases of an emergency management plan. Continue Reading By
- 
                Definition
                14 May 2024
                disaster recovery (DR) testA disaster recovery test is the examination of each step in a disaster recovery plan to ensure that an organization can recover data, restore business critical applications and continue operations after an interruption of services. Continue Reading By- James Alan Miller, Senior Executive Editor
- Ed Hannan
 
- 
                Definition
                13 May 2024
                ISO/TS 22317 (International Organization for Standardization Technical Standard 22317)ISO/TS 22317 is the first formal standard to address the business impact analysis process. Continue Reading By- Paul Kirvan
- Paul Crocetti, Executive Editor
 
- 
                Definition
                29 Apr 2024
                disaster recovery plan (DRP)A disaster recovery plan (DRP) is a documented, structured approach that describes how an organization can quickly resume operations after an unplanned incident. Continue Reading By- Kinza Yasar, Technical Writer
- Kate Brush
- Paul Crocetti, Executive Editor
 
- 
                Definition
                18 Apr 2024
                disaster recovery (DR) siteA disaster recovery (DR) site is a facility an organization can use to recover and restore its technology infrastructure and operations when its primary data center becomes unavailable. Continue Reading By- Gavin Wright
- Paul Crocetti, Executive Editor
 
- 
                Definition
                16 Apr 2024
                business continuityBusiness continuity is an organization's ability to maintain critical business functions during and after a disaster has occurred. Continue Reading By- Alexander S. Gillis, Technical Writer and Editor
 
- 
                Definition
                01 Apr 2024
                warm siteA warm site is a type of facility an organization uses to recover its technology infrastructure when its primary data center goes down. A warm site features an equipped data center but no customer data. Continue Reading By- Katie Terrell Hanna
- Paul Crocetti, Executive Editor
 
- 
                News
                26 Mar 2024
                New SIOS console enables high availability visualizationIT generalists on Linux systems can avoid the complexity of HA management for mission-critical apps or databases with a new management console in SIOS' LifeKeeper software. Continue Reading By- Tim McCarthy, News Writer
 
- 
                Tip
                20 Mar 2024
                4 disaster recovery plan best practices for any businessDisaster recovery plans are unique, built around an organization's size, type and industry. However, there are some key best practices that all businesses can implement. Continue Reading By
- 
                Feature
                21 Feb 2024
                Free business continuity testing template for IT prosBusiness continuity testing can be a major challenge for any organization. This free template offers ways to incorporate testing into the business continuity management process. Continue Reading By- Paul Kirvan
- Sonia Lelii, TechTarget
 
- 
                Tip
                05 Feb 2024
                7 top business continuity certifications to consider in 2024Organizations can bolster and validate the expertise of their IT teams with a variety of certifications. There are several options aimed at business continuity professionals. Continue Reading 
- 
                Tip
                21 Dec 2023
                The emerging role of the chief resilience officer in BCDRBusiness continuity, disaster recovery and resilience are often managed by a variety of different personnel. Appointing a chief resilience officer can bring BCDR to the forefront. Continue Reading By
- 
                Definition
                21 Dec 2023
                disaster recovery teamA disaster recovery team is a group of individuals focused on planning, implementing, maintaining, auditing and testing an organization's business continuity and disaster recovery procedures. Continue Reading 
- 
                Tip
                30 Nov 2023
                High availability and resiliency: A DR strategy needs bothAn organization's resiliency during and after a crisis depends on many factors. High availability is one aspect of overall resiliency that DR teams can't afford to overlook. Continue Reading By
- 
                Definition
                30 Nov 2023
                synchronous replicationSynchronous replication is the process of copying data over a network to create multiple current copies of the data. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                29 Nov 2023
                Build and maintain digital resilience for a stronger DR programA digital resilience program builds on existing preventive and restorative activities by identifying the ways an organization's infrastructure can become more resilient. Continue Reading By
- Definition 15 Nov 2023
- 
                Definition
                14 Nov 2023
                fault toleranceFault tolerance is the capability of a system to deliver uninterrupted service despite one or more of its components failing. Continue Reading By
- 
                Definition
                08 Nov 2023
                call treeA call tree is a layered hierarchical communication model used to notify specific individuals of an event and coordinate recovery if necessary. Continue Reading By- Rahul Awati
- Paul Crocetti, Executive Editor
 
- 
                Tip
                06 Oct 2023
                Business continuity maturity model: An at-a-glance guideBusiness continuity maturity models are effective tools to improve disaster recovery processes and define an organization's desired level of BC preparedness. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                25 Sep 2023
                Use geo-redundant backups for long-distance data protectionStoring duplicated data across multiple regions is a tried-and-true method of protection, but geo-redundant backup can bring its own set of complications. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                28 Apr 2023
                10 disaster recovery questions to ask in 2023 and beyondThere are many factors to getting a disaster recovery plan to run smoothly. Here are 10 questions disaster recovery teams should ask themselves, their vendors and their leadership. Continue Reading By
- 
                Definition
                17 Apr 2023
                tape libraryIn data storage, a tape library is a collection of magnetic tape cartridges and tape drives. Continue Reading By- Paul Crocetti, Executive Editor
 
- 
                News
                16 Feb 2023
                11:11 grows DR portfolio after Sungard buyAfter seven acquisitions in two years, including parts of decades-old Sungard AS, 11:11 Systems aims to take on established managed services companies for Fortune 500 customers. Continue Reading By- Tim McCarthy, News Writer
 
- 
                Tip
                29 Dec 2022
                Why BCDR teams should consider EMP disaster recovery plansAn EMP event could be a major game changer depending on where it happens and who is affected. EMP disaster recovery might not seem urgent, but it never hurts to be prepared. Continue Reading By
- 
                Definition
                29 Dec 2022
                emergency notification systemAn emergency notification system is an automated method of contacting a group of people within an organization and distributing important information during a crisis. Continue Reading By- Paul Crocetti, Executive Editor
 
- 
                Definition
                16 Dec 2022
                virtual disaster recoveryVirtual disaster recovery is a type of DR that typically involves replication and enables a user to fail over to virtualized workloads. Continue Reading By- Paul Crocetti, Executive Editor
 
- 
                Tip
                05 Dec 2022
                Use NFPA data center standards to help evade fire risksA fire in a data center can damage equipment, cause data loss and put personnel in harm's way. Look to NFPA fire protection guidelines to hedge your risk against data center fires. Continue Reading By- Julia Borgini, Spacebarpress Media
 
- 
                Tip
                27 Oct 2022
                Create a flood business continuity plan to stay afloatIn the event of a flood, don't settle for watered-down action plans. Download our free flood business continuity plan template to create a flood-specific recovery strategy. Continue Reading By
- 
                Answer
                26 Sep 2022
                Where does security fit into a business continuity plan?Cybersecurity breaches are a prominent threat to business continuity today. Make sure your security and BCDR teams are in sync to recover data in a crisis. Continue Reading By- Mitch Lewis, Evaluator Group
 
- 
                Tip
                23 Sep 2022
                Use ISO 22320:2018 to prepare an incident management planIncident management is critical to ensure that businesses can deal with unplanned disruptive events. Find out how the ISO:22320:2018 standard can help. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                30 Jun 2022
                Tighten up work recovery time for successful disaster recoveryThe best strategy for reducing work recovery time windows is done before the need arises. Proactive disaster recovery planning is key to being as prepared as possible. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                23 May 2022
                Veeam data protection aids users with secure restoresFrom 'nothing worked' to 'it just worked': How Veeam Software helped a Florida city out of a troublesome predicament with its legacy data backup platform. Continue Reading By- Paul Crocetti, Executive Editor
 
- 
                News
                20 Apr 2022
                Sungard files second Chapter 11 bankruptcySungard Availability Services cited pricey colocation centers and COVID-19 as business challenges that led the company to file for bankruptcy in the U.S., Canada and the U.K. Continue Reading By- Tim McCarthy, News Writer
 
- 
                Definition
                07 Apr 2022
                mechanical refrigerationMechanical refrigeration, often referred to simply as refrigeration or air conditioning, is a process by which heat is removed from a location using a human-made heat exchange system. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                31 Mar 2022
                White House: Data backups critical part of cyber strategySecurity experts and vendors support the White House's suggestions, such as offline data backups, to promote cyber resilience. Continue Reading By- Tim McCarthy, News Writer
 
- 
                Infographic
                14 Feb 2022
                Proactive risk mitigation should be a business priorityEvery organization will likely deal with a critical event at some point, but many are still reluctant to make proactive risk mitigation a priority. Continue Reading By- Erin Sullivan, Senior Site Editor
 
- 
                News
                19 Jan 2022
                Backblaze now a target for Kasten Kubernetes backupsKasten by Veeam can now use Backblaze's cloud storage as a backup target for Kubernetes data, a need that will continue to grow in popularity. Continue Reading By- Tim McCarthy, News Writer
 
- 
                Feature
                17 Nov 2021
                How to use AI for disaster responseAI systems can be a dynamic method to automate disaster response, but they need to be well trained in interpreting disasters to be effective. Here are some tips to get started. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                20 Aug 2021
                Zerto vs. Veeam: Compare 2 disaster recovery providersCloud failover, automation and orchestration are just a few of the features to consider in comparisons of Veeam and Zerto. See how the two DR products compare. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                20 Aug 2021
                Maximize the benefits of virtual disaster recoveryCompared to physical setups, virtualization can accelerate and streamline DR processes. Automation, however, is essential to achieve those benefits. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                19 Aug 2021
                Fortify emergency communications systems with a business planEmergency communications is one of the first actions organizations should undertake during an incident. An automated system is critical but cannot stand alone without a plan. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                11 Aug 2021
                SIOS Protection Suite update enhances HA for cloud and SAPImprovements to the SIOS Protection Suite include planned failovers of SAP S/4HANA with zero downtime, GCP support and integration with third-party tools via CLI. Continue Reading By
- 
                Feature
                24 Jun 2021
                Zerto keeps Texas bank from being left in the coldDuring Winter Storm Uri, Woodforest National Bank enacted its DR plan and used Zerto to bring its servers back online shortly after its primary data center went completely dark. Continue Reading By
- 
                Answer
                13 May 2021
                How do risk assessment costs vary and why?Risk assessments help identify and, more importantly, prioritize activities an organization needs to address its most serious threats and vulnerabilities. However, costs may vary. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                07 May 2021
                Dell draws line between cyber recovery and disaster recoveryRecovering from natural disasters and from cyber attacks represent separate use cases. Dell says customers should be aware of the differences in how to approach the two problems. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                24 Mar 2021
                Infrascale refreshes DRaaS offering with SSD appliancesInfrascale Backup and Disaster Recovery added two new SSD appliances, giving customers an on-premises high-performance backup and recovery option in addition to DRaaS in the cloud. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                23 Mar 2021
                AlertMedia boosts threat intelligence warning capabilitiesAlertMedia enhanced its Global Threat Intelligence capabilities by adding a team of experts to provide professionally vetted threat warnings for its customers. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                12 Mar 2021
                Operational resilience frameworks hinge on breaking down silosResilience is more than just business continuity and disaster recovery. Operational resilience depends on communication among many different business functions at an organization. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                18 Feb 2021
                Bolster an operational resilience strategy with these tipsWhat's the first step to achieve operational resilience? Knowing which assets and activities are most critical to the business. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                08 Jan 2021
                JetStream Software carries DR to Azure VMware SolutionJetStream DR for Azure VMware Solution allows customers to failover on-premises VMware VMs to Azure VMware Solution. The data is stored in Azure. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                28 Dec 2020
                Remote disaster recovery presents new business challengesWith more employees working remotely than ever, natural disasters and other typical DR crises present an entirely new challenge. How can businesses tackle this new set of risks? Continue Reading 
- 
                Feature
                16 Nov 2020
                How IT handles edge storage challenges from COVID-19The COVID-19 'wake-up call' has stressed IT and storage teams, but those already using public clouds could adapt to new edge storage requirements posed by remote work. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                30 Oct 2020
                It's a new age for hot site disaster recoveryHot sites are a viable disaster recovery strategy, but high costs and changing DR risks have made alternatives like disaster recovery as a service a more appealing option. Continue Reading 
- 
                News
                30 Oct 2020
                LiveProcess emergency management aids California countyA regional coalition of hospitals, nursing facilities and other major healthcare centers uses one platform for key emergency management and communications. Continue Reading By- Paul Crocetti, Executive Editor
 
- 
                Tip
                26 Oct 2020
                Creating a post-pandemic recovery plan is an ongoing processThere is still much to learn about post-pandemic DR at this stage of COVID-19. Organizations should keep an eye on pandemic-specific software changes and updated recovery tools. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                10 Sep 2020
                Commvault launches dedicated disaster recovery productCommvault split off the disaster recovery capabilities from its Complete Data Protection into a separate product and added automation and recovery validation functions. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                09 Sep 2020
                Horizon Bancorp adds Zerto to its portfolioZerto reduced Horizon Bancorp's recovery times and improved reporting for auditors. Zerto's cloud-to-cloud replication also helps as Horizon increases its cloud usage. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                18 Jun 2020
                Remote data protection and DR in the work-from-home boomBuilding a data protection strategy around remote working requires companies to enable employee access to data while ensuring that it is protected from threats such as shadow IT. Continue Reading 
- 
                Tip
                14 May 2020
                Strategies for kicking off your pandemic recovery planBefore resuming business activities after a pandemic, establish a timeline and plan for recovery. Reviewing a business impact analysis and creating a recovery framework can help. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                16 Apr 2020
                Prepare for serious health threats with a pandemic recovery planCOVID-19 has become a serious global threat and is rapidly becoming an issue for business continuity. Pandemic planning can help mitigate disruptive effects of disastrous events. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                16 Jan 2020
                How to build and train organizational resilience teamsWell-trained resilience and emergency response teams are a key element of maintaining business continuity and recovering your organization when disaster strikes. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                18 Nov 2019
                Zerto plays big role in McKesson's disaster recovery planMcKesson Corporation's disaster recovery plan is deeply detailed and relies on Zerto's technology across its many globally distributed business units. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                15 Nov 2019
                Post-disaster recovery, don't overlook user connectivityAfter you've successfully recovered your environment, the job isn't quite over. Ensuring user connectivity following a recovery is the final vital step of a complete DR plan. Continue Reading By- Nick Cavalancia, Techvangelism
 
- 
                Feature
                29 Oct 2019
                Data replication technologies: What they are and how to use themData replication can play a big role in a disaster recovery plan, so make sure you're familiar with the different types of replication and where they work best. Continue Reading By- Dave Raffo
- Erin Sullivan, Senior Site Editor
 
- 
                Tip
                02 Oct 2019
                Organizational vs. operational resilience: What's the difference?Achieving both operational and organizational resilience is key to ensuring that a company can protect and adapt its processes and bounce back in the event of a disaster. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                25 Jul 2019
                Underscore preparation in your natural disaster recovery planWhen it comes to recovering after a natural disaster, you'll need more than just basic business continuity and recovery planning. Being informed about severe weather events is key. Continue Reading By
- 
                Feature
                29 May 2019
                Natural disaster recovery planning: 4 frequently asked questionsWhen crafting a disaster recovery plan, don't rule out natural disasters as a major threat. Don't let a storm catch you off guard after making your recovery preparations. Continue Reading By- Erin Sullivan, Senior Site Editor
 
- 
                News
                15 May 2019
                Datrium DVX storage adds ControlShift cloud DR optionThe Datrium cloud DR SaaS app, formerly known as Project CloudShift, is now called ControlShift and GA, but the first version only supports Datrium on premises and Cloud DVX hosts. Continue Reading By
- 
                Feature
                18 Apr 2019
                A condensed look at the IT resilience marketA lot is going on in the market for resilience. Acquisitions, partnerships and other consolidations have bundled DR planning offerings, creating one-stop shopping experiences. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                14 Jan 2019
                AWS acquires CloudEndure disaster recovery, backup servicesAmazon Web Services purchases startup CloudEndure to bolster application and data migration, backup, and disaster recovery services for enterprise customers. Continue Reading By
- 
                Feature
                11 Jan 2019
                BC/DR plan template: How to prepare for an active shooter eventA standard BC/DR template typically covers weather, equipment failures and fires. In recent years, more organizations are naming active shooting scenarios as a BC/DR concern. Continue Reading By
- 
                Tip
                29 Nov 2018
                DR failover may benefit from API useAutomating failovers for disaster recovery is a complex process, and APIs can help. However, implementing these changes effectively takes time and effort, so plan accordingly. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                19 Nov 2018
                Virtual machine replication simplifies healthcare firm's DRBecause disaster recovery planning and testing were too complicated, a health provider turned to Zerto virtual replication to speed up the process without increasing costs. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                24 Oct 2018
                Dell EMC Cyber Recovery isolates and protects dataCyber Recovery software from Dell EMC forms a last line of defense against malware by putting critical data in a secure vault, isolated from where data attacks occur. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                26 Sep 2018
                Cloud migration to AWS keeps GSM afloat during Hurricane HarveyHurricane Harvey struck GS Marketing's office in 2017. Thanks to a migration to the AWS cloud, the company avoided going underwater, even if its data center was. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                31 Jul 2018
                Software developer uses Flexential data center for DROut of the cabinet and into the cloud, Virtual Resort Manager's disaster recovery journey started at colocation and ended up completely off premises in a cloud. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                25 Jul 2018
                Cloudian storage replaces tape at Vox MediaWhen tape just wasn't cutting it, Vox Media turned to Cloudian object storage to handle the massive influx of rich media its publications were producing. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                24 Jul 2018
                Gen 8 Unitrends appliances span SMB to enterpriseUnitrends adds 12 TB hard disk drives and more models to cover a greater range of customer and workload sizes in its Gen 8 Recovery Series integrated appliances. Continue Reading By
- 
                News
                28 Feb 2018
                Zerto Virtual Replication reduces marketing firm's RPOMaritz needed a short RPO and flexible cloud provider options for its recovery process. Zerto replication protects applications to and from clouds and between multiple clouds. Continue Reading By- Sonia Lelii, TechTarget
 
- 
                News
                13 Feb 2018
                Zerto Virtual Replication 6.0 dives deeper into multiple cloudsZerto has added to its bidirectional Virtual Replication software with multi-cloud protection for data and applications stored in AWS, Microsoft Azure and IBM Cloud. Continue Reading By- Sonia Lelii, TechTarget
 
- 
                News
                31 Jan 2018
                Arcserve UDP Cloud Direct cuts downtime for cloud DRArcserve UDP delivers short RPO and RTO for backup and disaster recovery in the cloud. The upgraded platform targets the enterprise and medium-sized businesses. Continue Reading By- Sonia Lelii, TechTarget
 
- 
                Definition
                16 Jan 2017
                data recoveryData recovery restores data that has been lost, accidentally deleted, corrupted or made inaccessible. Learn how data recovery works, causes of data loss and data recovery techniques. Continue Reading 
- 
                Tip
                10 Apr 2015
                Speed Hyper-V replication process by seeding replica VMHyper-V replication lets IT create secondary, offline virtual machines that can be used to recover operations following an outage of the primary VM. Continue Reading By
- 
                Answer
                30 Mar 2015
                How do you choose between file- and block-level replication?Block- and file-level replication each offer important benefits, but for different applications. Learn the use cases of each in this Expert Answer. Continue Reading By
- 
                Answer
                19 Dec 2014
                What are the top five ways to train personnel in disaster response?What are the five best ways to ensure personnel are trained in disaster response and ready to respond to a disaster event? Continue Reading By
- 
                Answer
                24 Oct 2014
                What are some common VMware High Availability configuration errors?What are the most common mistakes people make when configuring VMware High Availability? Continue Reading By- Marc Staimer, Dragon Slayer Consulting
 
- 
                Podcast
                22 Jun 2011
                What you need to know about automatic failover and disaster recovery automationLearn about the benefits of automatic failover for disaster recovery, an option for companies that need zero downtime. Continue Reading By- Jeff Boles, Taneja Group
 
- 
                Feature
                02 May 2011
                High availability guidelines and VMware HA best practicesElias Khnaser discusses VMware High Availability best practices in this chapter excerpt. After you read the excerpt, download the full backup and high availability chapter. Continue Reading By- Elias Khnaser, Gartner Inc.
 
- 
                Feature
                27 Aug 2008
                Can you define failover and failback?Failover is the process of shifting I/O and its processes from a primary location to a secondary disaster recovery (DR) location. This typically involves using a vendor's tool or a third-party tool of some type that can temporarily halt I/O, and restart it from a remote location. Continue Reading 
 
									 
									 
                             
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                             
                             
                             
                             
                             
                             
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                             
                                     
                             
                                     
                             
                             
                             
                                     
                             
                                     
                                     
                             
                             
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                             
                                     
                             
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                                     
                             
                                     
                                     
                                     
                            